在林業資產的價值版圖中，生物多樣性猶如一座 “隱形寶庫”，蘊藏著遠超木材經濟價值的生態、社會與文化財富。對林業資產進行價格評估時，科學量化生物多樣性價值是關鍵一環，這需要借助多元評估方法，揭開其 “隱形財富” 的神秘面紗。

　　In the value map of forestry assets, biodiversity is like an "invisible treasure trove", containing ecological, social, and cultural wealth far beyond the economic value of timber. When evaluating the price of forestry assets, scientifically quantifying the value of biodiversity is a key step, which requires the use of multiple evaluation methods to uncover the mystery of their "hidden wealth".

　　直接使用價值：看得見的 “物質饋贈”

　　Direct Use Value: Visible 'Material Gifts'

　　生物多樣性的直接使用價值，體現在林業資源為人類提供的 tangible 產品，如木材、果實、藥材、花卉等。評估這類價值時，市場價值法是最基礎的手段。以木材為例，通過統計林分中不同樹種、胸徑、蓄積量的木材產量，結合當前市場價格與運輸成本，可計算出木材的直接經濟價值。對于藥用植物、食用菌等非木質林產品，需調研其市場流通量、單價及可持續采集量，避免過度采集對生態造成破壞。

　　The direct use value of biodiversity is reflected in the tangible products provided by forestry resources to humans, such as wood, fruits, medicinal herbs, flowers, etc. When evaluating such value, the market value method is the most fundamental approach. Taking wood as an example, the direct economic value of wood can be calculated by calculating the wood production of different tree species, breast height diameter, and volume in the forest stand, combined with current market prices and transportation costs. For non woody forest products such as medicinal plants and edible mushrooms, it is necessary to investigate their market circulation, unit price, and sustainable collection volume to avoid excessive collection and ecological damage.

　　間接使用價值：生態服務的 “隱性賬本”

　　Indirect Use Value: The Hidden Ledger of Ecological Services

　　生物多樣性的間接使用價值，主要體現在森林生態系統提供的調節服務與支持服務，如碳匯、水土保持、氣候調節、生物防治等。這些服務雖不直接產生市場交易，卻對人類生存與經濟發展至關重要，評估時需借助替代成本法、影子工程法等間接手段。

　　The indirect use value of biodiversity is mainly reflected in the regulatory and supportive services provided by forest ecosystems, such as carbon sinks, soil and water conservation, climate regulation, and biological control. Although these services do not directly generate market transactions, they are crucial for human survival and economic development, and evaluation requires the use of indirect methods such as alternative cost method and shadow engineering method.

　　碳匯價值：森林通過光合作用固定二氧化碳，是重要的 “碳庫”。評估時采用 “碳價格法”，根據林木生長量、生物量換算成碳儲量，乘以碳交易市場價格（如區域碳配額單價或國際碳匯市場參考價）。

　　Carbon sink value: Forests fix carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and are an important "carbon reservoir". When evaluating, the "carbon pricing method" is used, which converts the growth and biomass of trees into carbon stocks and multiplies them by the carbon trading market price (such as regional carbon quota unit price or international carbon sink market reference price).

　　水土保持價值：包括減少土壤侵蝕、涵養水源兩部分。減少土壤侵蝕的價值可通過 “影子工程法” 計算，即假設沒有森林覆蓋時，需修建多少擋土墻、排水溝等工程來替代森林的固土功能，以工程建設成本估算其價值；涵養水源價值則通過測算森林對降水的截留、下滲量，換算成水庫蓄水的等價容量，結合水庫建設與維護成本評估。

　　The value of soil and water conservation includes reducing soil erosion and conserving water sources. The value of reducing soil erosion can be calculated through the "shadow engineering method", which assumes that there is no forest cover, how many retaining walls, drainage ditches, and other projects need to be built to replace the forest's soil stabilization function, and their value can be estimated based on the construction cost of the project; The value of conserving water sources is calculated by measuring the interception and infiltration of precipitation by forests, converting it into the equivalent capacity of reservoir storage, and evaluating the cost of reservoir construction and maintenance.

　　氣候調節與生物防治：森林通過蒸騰作用降低局部溫度、增加濕度，其氣候調節價值可利用 “享樂價格法”，分析周邊地區因森林存在而降低的空調能耗、農作物增產等效益；生物防治價值則通過統計森林中害蟲天敵（如鳥類、寄生蜂）的控害效果，換算成減少農藥使用的經濟收益。

　　Climate regulation and biological control: Forests reduce local temperature and increase humidity through transpiration, and their climate regulation value can be analyzed using the "hedonic price method" to assess the benefits of reduced air conditioning energy consumption and increased crop yields in surrounding areas due to the presence of forests; The value of biological control is calculated by assessing the pest control effects of natural enemies (such as birds and parasitic wasps) in forests, and converting them into economic benefits from reducing pesticide use.

　　非使用價值：超越功利的 “存在意義”

　　Non use value: Beyond utilitarian 'meaning of existence'

　　生物多樣性的非使用價值，包括存在價值（如人類對物種存續的倫理關懷）和遺產價值（為后代保留生態資源的意愿），這類價值無法通過市場交易體現，需借助意愿調查法（CVM）進行評估。具體步驟如下：

　　The non use value of biodiversity, including existence value (such as human ethical concern for species survival) and heritage value (the willingness to preserve ecological resources for future generations), cannot be reflected through market transactions and needs to be evaluated using the method of willingness survey (CVM). The specific steps are as follows:

　　引導支付意愿：通過問卷或訪談，詢問受訪者 “是否愿意為保護該森林支付一定費用”（如每年 100 元），或 “是否愿意支持政策措施（如提高林業碳匯補貼）”，統計愿意支付的人群比例及平均支付金額。

　　Guiding willingness to pay: Through questionnaires or interviews, ask respondents whether they are willing to pay a certain fee for protecting the forest (such as 100 yuan per year) or whether they are willing to support policy measures (such as increasing forestry carbon sequestration subsidies), and calculate the proportion of people willing to pay and the average payment amount.

　　修正與估算：考慮受訪者的收入水平、環保意識等因素，對數據進行修正，最終估算出該林業資產的存在與遺產價值。這種方法雖帶有主觀性，但能捕捉到公眾對生物多樣性的情感認同與倫理價值，是其他方法無法替代的。

　　Correction and estimation: Taking into account factors such as the income level and environmental awareness of the respondents, the data is adjusted to ultimately estimate the existence and heritage value of the forestry asset. Although this method is subjective, it can capture the public's emotional identification and ethical values of biodiversity, which cannot be replaced by other methods.

　　挑戰與優化：讓 “隱形財富” 顯形

　　Challenge and Optimization: Making 'Invisible Wealth' Visible

　　生物多樣性價值評估面臨多重挑戰：一是部分生態服務（如微生物多樣性的基因庫價值）難以量化，二是不同評估方法的結果可能存在差異，三是區域尺度的評估需整合大量生態與社會經濟數據。為提升評估精度，可采用綜合評估框架，結合遙感技術（監測森林覆蓋與物種分布）、生態模型（如碳循環模型、水文模型）與社會調查，多維度交叉驗證。例如，評估某流域防護林的生物多樣性價值時，先用遙感數據測算森林面積與植被類型，再用生態模型計算碳匯、水土保持效益，最后通過意愿調查補充其景觀美學與文化價值，形成立體化的價值圖譜。

　　The assessment of biodiversity value faces multiple challenges: firstly, some ecological services (such as the gene pool value of microbial diversity) are difficult to quantify; secondly, the results of different assessment methods may vary; thirdly, regional scale assessments require the integration of a large amount of ecological and socio-economic data. To improve the accuracy of evaluation, a comprehensive evaluation framework can be adopted, combining remote sensing technology (monitoring forest cover and species distribution), ecological models (such as carbon cycle models, hydrological models), and social surveys for multidimensional cross validation. For example, when evaluating the biodiversity value of a watershed protective forest, remote sensing data is first used to calculate forest area and vegetation type, followed by ecological models to calculate carbon sequestration and soil and water conservation benefits. Finally, a willingness survey is conducted to supplement its landscape aesthetic and cultural value, forming a three-dimensional value map.

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